Characterizing parameters of Jatropha curcas cell cultures for microgravity studies

Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) is a tropical perennial species identified as a potential biofuel crop. The oil is of excellent quality and it has been successfully tested as biodiesel and in jet fuel mixes. However, studies on breeding and genetic improvement of jatropha are limited. Space offers a unique environment for experiments aiming at the assessment of mutations and differential gene expression of crops and in vitro cultures of plants are convenient for studies of genetic variation as affected by microgravity. However, before microgravity studies can be successfully performed, pre-flight experiments are necessary to characterize plant material and validate flight hardware environmental conditions. Such preliminary studies set the ground for subsequent spaceflight experiments. The objectives of this study were to compare the in vitro growth of cultures from three explant sources (cotyledon, leaf, and stem sections) of three jatropha accessions (Brazil, India, and Tanzania) outside and inside the petriGAP, a modified group activation pack (GAP) flight hardware to fit petri dishes. In vitro jatropha cell cultures were established in petri dishes containing a modified MS medium and maintained in a plant growth chamber at 25 ± 2 °C in the dark. Parameters evaluated were surface area of the explant tissue (A), fresh weight (FW), and dry weight (DW) for a period of 12 weeks. Growth was observed for cultures from all accessions at week 12, including subsequent plantlet regeneration. For all accessions differences in A, FW and DW were observed for inside vs. outside the PetriGAPs. Growth parameters were affected by accession (genotype), explant type, and environment. The type of explant influenced the type of cell growth and subsequent plantlet regeneration capacity. However, overall cell growth showed no abnormalities. The present study demonstrated that jatropha in vitro cell cultures are suitable for growth inside PetriGAPs for a period of 12 weeks. The parameters evaluated in this study provide the basic ground work and pre-flight assessment needed to justify a model for microgravity studies with jatropha in vitro cell cultures. Future studies should focus on results of experiments performed with jatropha in vitro cultures in microgravity.     

基于FTA的飞机空调组件关断的故障分析

为迅速准确地确定飞机空调系统故障源,提高航线排故效率,针对B737飞机空调组件关断的故障,介绍了故障树建立的依据和方法,引入最小割集概念定性分析主要的故障模式;在综合考虑空调系统历史故障数据、零部件的可靠性、维修实践经验和部件更换方便性等信息的基础上,列出了排故顺序和排故措施,最后根据各类事件发生的概率,利用结构函数定量分析了顶事件发生的概率;所建立的空调系统故障树可迅速准确地确定故障源,在实际的航线排故过程中已得到了初步验证。该故障树对于排除空调系统各个子系统的故障也具有一定的参考价值。     

内埋武器高速投放风洞试验技术

在0.6m×0.6m量级亚跨超声速风洞开展了内埋武器弹射试验技术研究。研制的风洞双视角、高亮度光路系统和六自由度(6DOF)图像分析系统,可获得飞行器内埋武器弹射投放物全轨迹图像和气动参数。此试验技术可独立调节投放物弹射速度和角速度,并可保证弹射速度误差≤5%,角速度误差≤10%,重复率≥95%;新研制的高亮度光源系统使拍摄图像清晰度更高,模型迎角辨识精度≤0.2°,有利于模型运动轨迹分析;光路系统得到合理设计,便于使用双视角技术得到模型运动轨迹及6DOF数据。新技术已完成亚跨超声速、多体干扰复杂气动力条件下的风洞试验验证,各项参数均达到或优于已有技术指标,并多次为型号试验服务,满足飞行器内埋武器弹射投放风洞试验研究需求。     

带有SiC涂层的C/C复合材料的氧化行为

采用包埋法在C/C复合材料表面制备了SiC高温防氧化涂层。利用SEM和XRD等方法对涂层的微观形貌和晶相组成进行了观察与分析,并对带涂层试样在室温~1 500℃范围内的氧化行为进行了研究。结果表明,涂层主要由β-SiC和少量的游离Si组成,涂层表面有裂纹存在,涂层与C/C复合材料基体结合良好,呈现犬牙状结合。在室温~1 500℃之间,带SiC涂层C/C复合材料的氧化行为可分为4个阶段,涂层在高温区具有较好的防氧化性能。     

空气域与流体域耦合作用下双层电池包散热特性

多层垒叠电池包内空气域的存在使各层模组热流场耦合在一起,从而影响电池模组的散热性能。以方形双层电池包为研究对象,建立考虑电池模组与空气对流换热的液冷热模型。该模型中电池发热功率基于试验测定结果,前处理软件采用ANSA确保仿真精度,后处理软件采用CFX,对在不同放电倍率、冷却液进液方向和进液流量下双层电池结构中空气域对液冷热管理系统热行为的影响进行了研究,并与不考虑空气域同工况仿真结果对比。结果表明:空气域的存在不会对液冷双层电池包上下层模组温度分布产生影响;但可以降低上下层模组间的温差,其中上下层模组最高温升的差值最大可降低49.1%,改善了整包电池温度的一致性。      

判别B737—300飞机空调系统故障的有效方法

通过对B737-300飞机空调系统工作原理的说明,提出并论证一种能快速巧妙地判别空调系统中空气循环机或组件活门故障的方法。     

Battery package design optimization for small electric aircraft

The increasing gross weight of electric Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) poses a challenge in practical applications. The range and endurance of the electric UAV are limited by the fixed mass of the battery package. In this work, a design optimization method for the battery package topology of small electric UAV is proposed to enhance the performance. To improve the accuracy of the method, the dynamic battery model and simplified electric component models are presented. These models are utilized by the trajectory optimization method, which takes the dynamic characteristic into consideration to calculate the aircraft performance. The direct optimal control method is used for solving the trajectory optimization problem, and this method is tested on a small blended-wing-body electric aircraft. The test result shows that the range and energy-consumption are mainly influenced by the parallel topology of the battery package, while the flight time in climb phase is more sensitive to the series topology. It is deduced that the range- and energy-optimal design points can be considered concurrently in design optimization. The work proves the feasibility of integrating the trajectory optimization and battery package design.     

B737NG飞机反推系统故障分析

根据波音的相关技术文件,B737NG反推系统的部件有些本身带有设计缺陷或可靠性较低,导致反推系统故障较多。对反推系统的工作原理、常见故障及处理方法进行总结,使排故人员和故障管控工程师对该系统有深入的了解,方便大家开阔思路,减少排故的时间,提高排故效率。     

探月返回器伞舱盖拉伞包动力学模型

文章针对探月返回器伞舱盖弹射分离后出现的物理现象,建立了伞舱盖弹射分离拉伞包过程动力学模型,复现了伞舱盖弹射分离试验中观察到的伞包追赶伞舱盖现象,比较了地面静止弹盖条件及飞行条件下拉伞包过程的异同,分析了主要设计参数对拉伞包过程的影响。研究表明,对于现有弹盖系统,伞包拉出后均存在追赶伞舱盖的现象,并且这一现象无法通过调整弹射分离速度、伞舱盖质量及连接点位置得以避免。     

波音737NG飞机自动油门电门组件故障研究

总结了波音737NG飞机自动油门电门组件的故障现象，在数据分析的基础上，确认了电门组件失效的原因，探讨了航线排故方法，并给出测量微动电门电阻的施工参考标准。